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发表于 2014-2-8 09:30:01
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rainman5061 发表于 2014-2-8 09:15 
当然是鲁棒性。为什么不模拟冻干过程和冲氮?我想主要原因也是因为通过风险分析,这一块的步骤污染风险小 ...
如何设计,怎么设计,在制药工艺验证中已经有了比好详细的描述。为什么不模拟冻干过程,我刚刚也说了,微生物最适宜的生长条件是在20-35度之间,你的升温和降温过程中,有什么地方可以引入污染的?模拟灌装的侧重点在于无菌工艺,而不是产品工艺。
“培养基的选择和厌氧菌
The selection of a suitable growth medium for the conduct of media-filled trials is generally quite simple--soybean-casein digest medium (SCDM), also known as trypticase soy broth (TSB) is the medium of choice. SCDM is a general-purpose medium providing suitable growth nutrients for a range of organisms. It appears to be well suited for the growth of a broad spectrum of organisms found in the environment, as well as organisms commonly found on personnel. Despite its accepted versatility, SCDM is not a perfect growth medium. There are many organisms that will not grow well in it. If there is an indication that organisms are present in the environment that will not grow well in SCDM, then an alternative medium should be used in its stead.
选择用于进行培养基灌装试验的适合生长的培养基一般为simple--soybean-casein digest medium(SCDM),也可以选择trypticase soy broth (TSB)。它似乎适合环境中宽光谱的有机物的生长,这类有机物通常也会在操作人员身上发现。除了其多功能性,SCDM不是最适合生长的培养基。许多有机物在SCDM上生长状况不好。如果有迹象表明环境中存在的微生物在SCDM上生长不好,那么必须使用备选培养基替换SCDM。
This is also appropriate in situations for which anaerobic contamination has been found by other means. Performing media fills using fluid thioglycolate medium (FTM) in an effort to confirm the absence of anaerobes from aseptically filled products is appropriate only where anaerobic contamination has been detected during sterility testing. Closely related to the use of FTM, are concerns over the use of inert gassing during media fills. This area is one for which there is little consensus [21]. Some firms use SCDM and air, others use SCDM and N2 whereas a third group use FTM and N2. Without information on the underlying sterility test results at these firms, it is impossible to make a judgment for or against any of these practices. Most of the industry adheres to the use of FTM and full anaerobic filling only after the presence of anaerobes has been established by other means.
这也同样适合那些通过其他方法发现厌氧性污染物的位置。用FTM进行培养基灌装,目的是证明无菌灌装产品中没有厌氧菌,只有在无菌测试中已经探测到厌氧菌污染物在何处时才有作用。讲述到FTM的使用涉及到培养基灌装时使用惰性气体。这一区域没有形成一致的看法[21]。一些公司使用SCDM和空气,另一些公司使用SCDM和氮气,还有一些公司使用FTM和N2.没有资料表明这些公司的无菌试验结果的潜在优越性,因此,支持或反对这些操作是不可能的。大部分工厂坚持使用FTM,并且在通过其他方法确定厌氧菌的存在时立即进行全面的厌氧性微生物灌装。”
1. Special Considerations
特别注意:
Freezing of Medium There has been considerable controversy in the performance of medium trials for lyophilized products relative to freezing of the medium during the process. The FDA has indicated that media fills should simulate production operations as closely as possible, clearly implying that the medium be frozen during the trial [24]. If this advice is followed, the ability of the medium to support the growth of low numbers of organisms introduced before freezing should be confirmed. Numerous firms have avoided this concern altogether by not freezing the medium in the lyophilization chamber. Either approach seems workable and defendable.
培养基冷冻 在操作中,相对于培养基冷冻作用的冻干产品培养基试验的性能存在争议。 FDA指出培养基灌装必须尽可能接近生产操作,明显的暗示在试验时培养基必须冷冻[24]。 如果采纳了这种建议,必须证明冷冻前培养基促进引入的低数量的微生物的繁殖的能力。许多公司都通过不在冻干腔内冷冻培养基来避免这种利害关系。哪个方法似乎都可使用
Vacuum Levels and Duration In the simulation of a lyophilization process, the extent of vacuum drawn on the chamber and the period of time that this vacuum is drawn is another important issue in the conduct of these tests. When the medium is frozen (see previous section), the level of vacuum drawn is not significant; however, its duration may be problematic for organisms requiring the presence of oxygen for growth. If the medium is not frozen, the vacuum must not be so low that it causes the liquid in the container to evaporate, for this would result in contamination of the entire chamber as the medium boiled out of the containers.
真空水平和持续时间 在模拟冻干过程中,腔内的真空程度和抽取真空的时间周期在执行这些测试中是另外一个重要主题。当培养基被冷冻时(见前面的章节),抽取的真空水平不明显,但是,它的持续时间对于氧气存在才能繁殖的微生物是一个难题。如果培养基没有冷冻,真空不会低到引起容器内的气体蒸发的地步,因为这会导致当培养基从容器内煮沸溢出时污染整个腔。
以上内容均摘自制药工艺的验证,我想里面的意见已经表达的很明白了,在通常情况下,是不应该考虑充氮保护的问题的,除非你的环境中检查出来了厌氧菌。发现厌氧菌后,你需要做的不仅仅是模拟充氮过程,你的培养基都需要更换。 |
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