7.1 Introduction 介绍
The cleaning processes of multiple product use equipment in API facilities are subject to requirements for cleaning validation. The validation effort could be huge. In order to minimize the amount of validation required, a worst case approach for the validation can be used.
原料药工厂中的多产品设备清洁要求进行清洁验证。清洁工作量会比较大。为了减少验证的工作量，可以采用最差情形方法进行验证。
By means of a bracketing procedure the substances are grouped.
采用分组法时，物质按类进行分组。
A worst case rating procedure is used to select the worst case in each group.
然后在每组中采用最差情形分级法选择各组中最差的情况。
Validation of the worst case situation takes place. However, it is of utmost importance that a documented scientific rational for the chosen worst cases exists.
对最差情形进行验证。至关重要的是，选择最差情形的科学合理性要进行记录。
This chapter gives an overview of the suggested work to be carried out, the acceptance criteria and the methodology for evaluation of the data. It should be emphasized that this is only an example to give guidance. The equipment, the substances produced and the procedures in place may vary; and this results in other solutions than those given in this example.
本章介绍了所需要进行的工作、可接受标准和数据评估方法。需要强调的是，这只是一个指导性的例子，而实际情况下，设备、生产的物质和清洁程序可能有所不同，则可能需要采用与例中不同的解决方案。
The worst case rating priority will then support a conclusion that the cleaning procedures are effective for all drug substances and other chemicals within the bracket, including those not individually tested.
最差情形分级优先性是用来支持清洁方法对组内所有原料药和化学物均有效的结论的，包括那些并没有进行单独检测的物质。
7.2 Bracketing Procedure 分组法
The objective of a bracketing project, is for the company to demonstrate that it has a scientific rationale for its worst case rating of the substances in the cleaning validation program. The first thing to do is to make groups and sub groups - which we will term “bracketing”, from which worst cases will later be selected based on the results from the rating. The bracketing procedure should be included in a company policy, or an SOP or an equivalent document on cleaning validation. A multipurpose facility, Clean Company, is presented as an example we will follow.
分组法的目的是让公司可以证明清洁验证方案中，对原料药进行最差情形分级具有科学合理性。首先要做的是进行分组和分小组----我们称为“分组法（括号法）”，在一个组中，再根据分级结果选择一个最差情形。分组流程应包括在公司方针中，或在SOP或相当清洁验证文件中。以下的例子中我们假定有一个多功能工厂、一个清洁公司。
a) Equipment Train The Clean Company is a multipurpose site for synthesis and isolation of organic substances (see figure 1). It is divided into six equipment trains separated from each other and intended for different use (earlier API steps, final API purification, drying etc.). In TrainA 9 substances can be produced, in TrainB 9 substances can be produced, in TrainC 8 substances can be produced, in TrainD 8 substances can be produced, in TrainE 10 substances can be produced, and in TrainF 11 substances can be produced. With no bracketing and worst case rating, cleaning validation studies would be required for each of the 55 substances.
设备链：清洁公司是一个多功能场所，生产有机物质合成和分离步骤（参见图1）。其设备被分为6条生产设备链，相互独立，用于不同用途（较早的原料药步骤、最终原料药精制、干燥等）。在A链中，可以生产9种物质，在B链中，可以生产9种物质，在C链中可以生产8种物质，在D链中，可以生产8种物质，在E链中可以生产10种物质，在F链中可以生产11种物质。如果不采用分组法和最差情形法的话，则需要对55种物质分别进行清洁验证。
The first grouping criteria is that the substances in a group are produced in identical equipment trains and cleaned out following the same cleaning procedure/SOP. The ideal with regard to cleaning validation (as will be discussed in 7.3) each train could be considered as a group. Then 6 worst cases would ideally be identified. In reality, the number of worst cases identified will often be something between these two extremes (more than 6, but less than 55).
进行分组的第一个标准是组内的物质是在同一条设备链中生产，并采用同一个清洁程序/SOP进行清洁。理想状态是每条链可以作为一个组来进行清洁验证（如7.3中讨论的一样）。这样，理想状态下需要识别出6种最差情形。现实中，最差情形的识别可能会是两个极端情况（多于6个，但少于55个）。
CleanCompany 清洁公司
Figure 1 Clean Company’s ideal example (1 train considered as 1 group) gives 6 worst cases.In this example the main classes in this bracketing are based on the different Trains. The following equipment classes are maintained:
图1：清洁公司的理想案例（设备链1被作为第一组）给出了6个最差情形。
在此例中，组内主要级别是基于不同生产链的。以下设备分级不变：
? TrainA
? TrainB
? TrainC
? TrainD
? TrainE
? TrainF
b) Substances 物质
If the company has two or more trains used for the same purpose (such as earlier API steps, final API purification, drying etc.) a choice of which products to be produced in each of the trains used for the same purpose is done. The combination of substances (starting materials, intermediates or APIs) in a train can be chosen based on one or more of the following strategies, or combinations of them:
如果公司有2个或更多设备链用于同一个生产目的（例如，更早的原料药生产步骤、最终原料药精制、干燥等），已选好了在每个设备链中生产哪个产品。在一个设备链生产哪些物质（起始物料、中间体或原料药）可以采用以下策略或联合策略来做选择：
l Produce in the same train substances with the same cleaning procedure;
l 在同一设备链里生产可以采用相同的清洁程序的物质
l Produce in the same train substances with very low therapeutic doses and/or low batch sizes (and the opposite);
l 在同一设备链中生产治疗剂量很低和/或批量很小（以及相反情况）的物质
l Produce in the same train substances with very low ADE values (and the opposite).
l 在同一设备链中生产ADE值非常低（以及相反情况）的物质
Also a choice of maximum flexibility can be used, but this could result in low limits for residues (for example if the substance to be cleaned out has a very low therapeutic dose, and the following substance has a small batch size and/or a very high daily dose) and thus longer cleaning times. Advantages and disadvantages with several cleaning procedures, compared to one cleaning procedure, will be discussed in section 7.3. More explanations on effects of different strategies will be evident from section 7.4.
也可以选用具有最大灵活性的方式，但这样可能会使得残留限度非常低（），导致清洁时间会很长。在7.3中讨论了选用几个不同的清洁程序相比于选用同一个清洁程序的优缺点。在7.4中对不同策略的效果给出了进一步解释。
7.3 Cleaning Procedures 清洁程序
For one train, in which several substances are being produced, several cleaning procedures often exist. In order to be able to defend the bracketing into groups, the second criterion is that the same cleaning procedure (method) shall be used for the substances within a group.
对于一条设备链，如果在其中生产几种物质，通常会有几种清洁程序。为了将所涉及的产品进行分组，第二个标准就是对同一组里的产品使用相同的清洁程序（方法）。
Cleaning procedures (before change of products) can for example be considered to be the same if:
例如在以下情况下，可以认为清洁程序是相同的：
1. Same or equivalent issued cleaning batch records/cleaning SOPs; 相同或等同签署的清洁批记录/清洁SOP
2. Same solvent, solubility or similar properties. 相同溶剂、溶解度或相似特性
Advantages and disadvantages with several cleaning procedures, compared to one cleaning procedure, are presented in the following table.
下表列出了采用几个清洁程序与采用同一个清洁程序的优缺点。
The same cleaning procedure for all substances (chosen to clean out the most difficult substance)
所有物质（选取最难清洁的物质做验证）采用同一清洁程序
+ Minimum number of cleaning validation studies (perhaps only one) | - Not optimal cleaning procedure for each substance →longer clean out times on average as well as higher consumption of solvents - Normally a low limit for residues valid for all substances |
| - 对所有物质都不是最优的清洁方法→平均清洁次数会比较多，同时溶剂消耗量大 - 一般对所有物质采用同一个较低的残留限度 |
Optimised cleaning procedures for each substance优化每个物质的清洁程序
+ Minimum clean out time on average | - Maximum number of cleaning validation studies (as many as there are cleaning procedures) |
| |
In the example the Clean Company has evaluated the cleaning procedures. The cleaning procedures have been examined and categorised into different classes. Substances in the same class are cleaned in the same way, using the same solvents and usually exhibit some chemical similarity with each other (e. g. salts, chemical structure etc.). In this example, totally, four cleaning procedure classes are included:
在案例中，清洁公司评估了清洁程序，通过检查将其分为不同类别。同一类别中的物质采用相同方法清洁，采用相同的溶剂，通常其所含的化学物质相互类似（例如，盐、化学结构等）。在本例中，共包括四类清洁程序：
— Class I water soluble substances.
— 一类：水溶性物质
— Class II methanol soluble substances.
— 二类：甲醇可溶性物质
— Class III acetone soluble substances.
— 三类：丙酮可溶性物质
— Class IV separate class for special substances with defined solubility
— 四类：根据溶解度制订的特殊物质特定级别
7.4 Investigations and Worst Case Rating (WCR)/Risk assessment 调查和最差情况（WCR）风险评估
A worst case rating study/Risk assessment, will prioritise existing drug substances, in a cleaning validation program, based on information on applicable criteria chosen by the company. Clean company chose the following criteria which are relevant to the molecule preparation in their facility (companies should evaluate individual situations):
进行最差情形分类研究/风险评估时，根据公司选择的可采用标准，对清洁验证程序中已有原料药进行优先顺序排列。清洁公司选择了以下标准，该标准与在该工厂中生产的产品分子相关（公司应对自己的情况进行单独评估）
a) Hardest to clean: experience from production; 最难清洁：生产所得的经验
b) Solubility in used solvent; 在所用溶剂中的溶解度
c) Lowest Acceptable Daily Exposure( If ADE data are not available, other pharmacological (dose) , OEL or toxicity data ( LD50 ) may be used (see chapter 4); 可接受最低日暴露量（如果不能获得ADE数据，可以使用（参见第4章）其它药学（剂量）数据、OEL或毒性数据（LD50）
d) Lowest therapeutic dose (or toxicity data LD50 ); 最低治疗剂量（或毒性数据LD50）
In order to present documented evidence supporting the scientific rating for each criterion, investigations (a formalized Risk assessment) should be carried out and formal reports should be written. For each criterion groups of rating with corresponding descriptive terms should be presented. When available, the descriptive terms can be chosen from the scientific literature on the subject (i. e. for solubility and toxicity). For other cases the rating is based on scientific investigations carried out by the company and collecting experience regarding details on the cleaning processes (i.e. "experience from production”).
为了形成书面证据来支持各标准分级的科学性，应进行研究（正式的风险评估）并形成书面的正式报告。每个标准中，要列出分级组所对应的描述性术语。如果可能，应从科学文献中选取相应的术语描述（例如溶解性和毒性）。其它情况下，分类也可以根据公司的科学研究和在清洁工艺方面积累的经验（即“生产经验”）。
Clean Company chose to execute the WCR according to a formal protocol, in which the rating system was identified and the rating documented. In a Risk assessment report the results including the WCR were summarised, as well as conclusions.
清洁公司选择根据一份正式的方案进行最差情形分级（WCR），对清洁情况进行分级并记录分级结果。在风险评估报告中，对结果，包括WCR，和结论进行综述。
a) Hardest to Clean out - Experience from Production 难以清洁---生产中得出的经验
One criterion which can be used is, experience from production with regard to how difficult a substance is to clean out. The study is recommended to be in the form of interviews with operators and supervisors. A standardised sheet with questions could be used in which the answers are noted. Hard-to-clean substances are identified and the difficulty of cleaning could be rated according to the three categories suggested below. The opinions of the personnel are subjective, and therefore should be supported by a scientific rationale.
分级可以使用的一个标准是生产中获得的关于该物质被清洁难度的经验。建议通过与操作人员和主管沟通进行该项研究。可以采用了一份标准化问卷，让操作人员和主管在问卷中标出答案，从问卷统计中找出最难清洁物质，然后根据以下三级进行分级。人们的观念可能会有主观性，因此，还需要有科学合理性来支持本方法。
Category: 1 = Easy 2 = Medium 3 = Difficult
分级：1=易清洁 2=中等 3=难清洁
b) Solubility 溶解度
A solubility-rating should be carried out based on the solubilities of the substances in the solvents used for cleaning. Suggested rating numbers, with explanations, are presented in the table below. The descriptive terms are given in [1] - page 53 - USP 24 under —Reference Tables (Description and Solubility, 2254)“.
溶解度分级应根据物质在清洁用溶剂中的溶解度来分级。下表中给出了推荐的分级数及相关解释。描述性术语在USP24第53页“参考表格”（描述和溶解度，2254）中可以找到。
Group | Included descriptive terms | Approximate quantities of solvent by volume for 1 part of solute by weight |
| Very soluble Freely soluble | Less than 1 part from 1 to 10 parts |
| | From 10 to 30 parts From 30 to 100 parts |
| Slightly soluble Very slightly soluble Practically insoluble Insoluble | From 100 to 1000 parts From 1000 to 10000 parts More than 10000 parts |
分组 | | |
| | |
| | |
| | 100-1000份 1000-10000份 大于10000份 |
译者：上述溶解度中文术语系参照《中国药典》2010第二部凡例十五。 c) ADE concept ADE概念
The Acceptable Daily Exposure defines a limit at which a patient may be exposed every day for a lifetime with acceptable risks related to adverse health effects (see chapter 4).
可接受日暴露剂量界定的是在对健康不产生副作用的前提下，患者在终生时长内每天可以暴露于该物质的浓度限度（参见第4章）。
An example of rating numbers, with explanations, is presented in the table below.
下表中给出了一个分级数的例子及解释：
If ADE data are not available, other pharmacological (dose), OEL or toxicity data ( LD50 ) may be used (see chapter 4).
如果不能获得ADE数据，也可以使用（参见第4章）其它药学（剂量）、OEL或毒性数据（LD50）。
d) Therapeutic Doses 治疗剂量
An investigation of therapeutic doses is typically base on oral and/or parenteral data. In the cases where the therapeutic doses are not available, corresponding values based on the toxicity could be used (recalculated according to company procedure). An example of rating numbers, with explanations, are presented in the table below.
治疗剂量的研究一般是根据口服和/或注射数据的。如果无法获得治疗剂量，可以使用对应的毒性数据（根据公司程序进行再次计算）。下表给出了一个分级数的例子及其解释：
Group | Include dose intervals (smallest therapeutic dose) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
7.5. Worst Case Rating 最差情况分级
The substances are scientifically matrixed by equipment class (train/equipment) and cleaning class (procedure). Each existing combination of the classes is considered as a group. When this bracketing has been carried out, the - “Worst Case Rating (WCR)”- can start. For at least one worst case in each group, cleaning validation studies shall be carried out. The rating procedure for CleanCompany presented as an example could be used.
所有物质按设备类别（设备链）和清洁类别（清洁程序）进行科学的矩阵列表。每个类别的组合被作为一个组。在进行分组时，可以开始最差情形分级（WCR）。在一个组中，至少要验证一个最差情形的清洁验证。以下为清洁公司的分级程序举例，实践中可以使用。
a) Rating Procedure 分级程序
During a worst case rating, the results of the investigations are summarised for each substance in each equipment class. If the evaluation of the cleaning procedures indicates that some of the substances have unique cleaning procedures, then each of those substances will be considered as a group (with one group member which is the worst case).
在最差情形分级过程中，对每个设备类别中每个物质的研究结果进行总结。如果清洁程序的评估结果显示有些物质需要独特的清洁程序，则这些物质作为一组（每个组员均是最差情形）。
If all the substances in a cleaning class (train/equipment) will be tested, then individual limits may be used for each substance. In case of groups, where only some "worst cases" are tested, the strategy described below shall be followed. The following methodology shall normally be applied when a priority based on a worst case shall be used.
如果在一个清洁类别（设备链/单个设备）中的所有物质均需要进行检测，则每个物质适用不同的限度。如果组中只有一些“最差情形”需要检测，则应按以下策略进行检测。如果采用了按优先顺序排列选择最差情形，则一般适用以下方法。
Choice of common, general residual limit 通用残留限度选择
Evaluate if the lowest calculated limit is reasonable to apply on all substances. If that is the case, this limit shall be valid as a common general limit for the specific equipment. If the lowest limit is found to be too low as common limit for all substances, then the second lowest limit is evaluated and so on.
评估最低计算限度用于所有用物质是否合理。如果合理，则该限度可以作为特定设备的通用限度。如果发现最低限度太低，不能作为所有物质的通用限度，则需要对第二低限度进行评估，以此类推。
Criteria for the validation of the cleaning processes: 清洁工艺验证标准
1. For the substances with common, general limit, it is required that the substance with the lowest solubility (in the cleaning solvent/solution) shall be tested for each cleaning method. If more than one substance fulfils this criterion, then the substance shall be chosen which, based on experience is most difficult to clean.
对于具有通用限度的物质，针对每个清洁方法要检测具有最低溶解度的物质（在清洁溶剂/溶液中）。如果不止一个物质满足该标准，则应根据最难清洁经验选择一个物质用于通用标准检测。
2. Any substance which does not fall within this 'bracket' must be validated individually.
所有不能落在“括号”中的物质必须单独验证
b) Evaluation of Rating 分级评估
The worst case rating can be executed according to an issued protocol in which the methods and procedures for the rating will be identified. The applicable investigations presented in section 7.4 a-d would then be used (and could be enclosed to the protocol or a report, to support the rationales for the rating). A matrix system, for each equipment class (such as a dryer), can be set up as evident from the following table where TrainA of CleanCompany has been chosen. In this case a formal rating matrix has been filled in for TrainA. Altogether two cleaning classes were identified for the substances produced in TrainA. All the categories are introduced as columns in a matrix.
可以根据签发的方案对最差情形进行分级。在方案中，要说明分级的方法和流程。可以使用7.4 a-d中所述的可用调查方法（可以附于方案或报告中，支持分级的合理性）。对于每个设备类别（例如干燥器），可以建立一个矩阵系列。作为案例，清洁公司在下表中选择了设备链A，制订了一个正式的分级矩阵，为设备链A中生产的物质建立了两个清洁类别。所有类别在矩阵表中引入作为一列。
Substance 物质 | Cleaning Method Class 清洁方法分级 | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
* Each figure is the main value for different questions answered by operator and supervisors.
*各数值是由操作工和主管回答不同问题的主要值。
For the products in this train two cleaning methods (Class I and III) are used.
在该设备链中生产的产品使用了两种清洁方法（I类和III类）。
Therefore two groups have to be validated.
因此，需要分为两组来进行验证。
The worst case product (for the validation study) for class III is O substance (Solubility 2 and Hardest to clean* 2.8).
III类中最差情形产品（用于验证研究）为O物质（溶解度2和最难清洁 2.8）
The worst case product (for the validation study) for class I is R substance (Solubility 2 and Hardest to clean* 2.6).
I类中最差情形产品（用于验证研究）为R物质（溶解度2和最难清洁2.6）
In both cases the limit should be calculated with the most active substance (ADE 4).
在两种情形下，均需要计算活性最高物质的限度（ADE4）。
If ADE data are not available, the limit should be calculated with the most active substance (Therapeutic dose 4).
如果无法获得ADE值，则根据活性最强的物质计算（治疗剂量4）。
If the limit calculated with ADE 4 or Therapeutic dose 4 is achievable for all products, this limit can be chosen for both groups.
如果采用ADE4或治疗剂量4可以计算所有产品的限度，则可将该限度用两组产品。
If the limit calculated with ADE 4 or Therapeutic dose 4 is too low and not achievable for all products, E substance and F substance should be considered as separate groups or produced in dedicated equipment.
如果采用ADE4或治疗剂量4所计算出的限度太低，有的产品不能达到，则应考虑将E物质和F物质单列为一组，或在专用设备中生产。
The limit for the remaining group should be calculated with the most active substance (ADE 3 or Therapeutic dose 3).
剩下的组的限度应根据活性最强的物质（ADE 3 或治疗剂量3）来计算限度。
In case a substance of top priority is not produced regularly, the substance with the second highest priority will be tested in order to show that the cleaning procedure is sufficient for all the other substances in that class. The substance of top priority will then be tested at the first possible occasion.
如果一种物质其优先级为最上，但不常生产，可以同时测试该物质和第二高优先级别的物质，以检查清洁是否对该类中其它所有物质均已足够。这样，最高优先级的物质会在第一次生产时进行测试。
The WCR/Risk assessment could typically result in a report including a priority, based on the rating, for the substances in the cleaning validation program. It is recommended that the applicable background investigations shall be completed, approved and enclosed to the cleaning protocol or the report.
WCR和风险评估一般会形成一份报告，其中包括对清洁验证程序所涉及的物质界定优先级别、进行分类情况。建议将完整的应用背景调查及其批准情况附入清洁验证方案或报告中。
c) Re-rating 重新分级
Change control should be applied to the WCR. If the conditions for the rating are changed, then a re-rating procedure should be carried out. The following listing gives examples where a formal re-rating procedure may be required:
对WCR也要实施变更控制。如果分级条件进行了变更，则要进行重新分级。以下列出了需要重新分级的例子：
l Changed cleaning method
l 变更清洁方法
l Changed process
l 变更工艺
l Changed / additional new product
l 变更/增加新产品
l Changed / new equipment
l 变更/增加新设备
After re-rating, it is recommended to issue an official controlled document including a worst case listing or table, with the same type of result presented for the involved substances/ equipment/methods, as for the original rating.
在重新分级后，建议签发一份正式的控制文件，其中包括一份最差情况清单或表格，与原始分级所用的型式相同，在其中列出所涉及的物质/设备/方法结果。
|手机版|蒲公英|ouryao|蒲公英
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发表于 2014-10-15 13:01:08
置顶卡
变色卡
